International Business Environment

International Business Environment 1. International business environment Book0)Business mean to busy in an activity, which are related to money almost business have 50% chances of profit and losses.(Morrison, j. 2002)Business is operated in every part of the world. As the business grow. It is looking for new opportunities across the border. International business is the term use for the operation and objective of the organisation that have interest in other countries. For example Tesco, Ford, General Motor, McDonald, Disney, so many other companies. These companies have key interest to standardise their product for general acceptance. The international business becomes more complex. Tie between the different societies and organisations. (Meldrum, D.H) as businesses inter into new market it chances of 50% losses increases. Due to different in economic, political, cultural structure, policies, geography and currencies. These factor decreases profit ratio of international investment. There are no specific criteria to measure such in-stability. Every investor used their own method and measure. Uncertain condition of country make easy for international business to design their own stability criteria. (Considering risk in international business) Business has no idea about the local risk. Its difficult to operate and manage in such condition where the Culture, Social, Economic, Political, and legal structure are not stable. In such cause the international business need to take all the measurement either it`s Commercial, Culture, Social. Political or legal instability before enter into new market or country. 2. International business (McCulloch, C.1999)International business is started as with the formation of first national borders. Greek started such activity before the Christ follow by the British in 1600 when they establish the East India Company throughout the Asian as trading firm. With passage of time international business is started all over the world especially in United State. (Czinkota et al., 1999) The international business brings countries together. It makes the world as global village. It exchanges the ideas, information, service, and capital across the countrys borders. This results in best used of human capital increases employee opportunity. Equal growth of wealth, price stability, availabilities of goods and services to each and every one. It bring new environment of friendship, development, stability, prosperity, innovation and technology in the world. Due to the international business same kind of product are used throughout the world. For example ford, Toyota, Honda, and McDonald, KFC, burg er king, and so many other things which are use worldwide. International business brings globalisation in the production. For example dell computer it different part are produced in different countries, assemble these parts in another and sell it in yet other countries. 3. Definition of international business (Book4) â€Å"The commercial activities crossed national borders. It involved the international movement of good, capital, services, employees and technology; importing and exporting; cross-border transactions in intellectual property (patents, trademarks, know-how, copyright materials, etc) via licensing franchising and management contracts.† Book3 ) â€Å"the transaction done by individual or organisation cross the countries. To satisfied the objective by mean of export, import and foreign direct investment. And it carried out in wholly owned, joint venture, licensing, franchising and management contracts† 4. Problems of international business Book4) International business experiences some difficulties when they operate in other countries. International businesses have to deal under the local rules and regulation. Have to use foreign languages. Difficult to get information about foreign countries. Deal in foreign currency. The exchange rate may be varied. When deal in other countries their culture and social value must be taken in account. The risk factor is high in foreign countries include political, commercial, and financial. Communication and control of international business is difficult. Difficult to absorb the demand of the international market. Most of time is waste in research and survey of the local market trends. 5. Meaning of stability J1) Stability is very important for the human life. Without it there will be no â€Å"culture† no â€Å"organisation† and no â€Å"society†. (dictionary) According to oxford`s dictionary. â€Å"Resistance to change, deterioration or displacement†. Stability is a ship in the sea which maintain its upright position either the condition is. Stability maintain for long period of time and it resist to all the changes that happen in the surrounding. According to Aldous Huxley`s â€Å"the stability is way of life. And life Moto is community, identity and stability.† if we come to the countries stability it has great impact on all walks of life. J4) without the stability the country well be in depression. And their well be no social security, health care, education, defence, infrastructure, law and protective services, low GDP, GNI, AND PPP (Purchasing, Power, and Parity ), price fluctuation, un-stable exchange rate, high rate of taxes, no leadership, no culture values, no innovation, no technology, financial position of the countries will be week, and have no capital market. Such condition is not considerable for the international business. Business development and prosperity are depending on the local and national conditions.bbok1) for example both South and North Korea. South Korea living standard is 10 times bette r then North Korea. GDP of 46.4m compare to 22 m GDP of North Korea. This big different is only because of stability of the both countries. North Korea tries to attract the foreign investment but â€Å"poor infrastructure, un-reliable power supply, poor transportation and unstable military condition† are the big barriers for the foreign investor. On the other hand South Korea has stable political, economic, legal environment, and stable infrastructure. Which cause of attraction for the international business and South Korea main stream business are Daewoo, Hyundai, and LG. These are the internationals brands. 6. Instability of the countries J9)Different business made their own criteria to measure country in-stability but mostly the factor involved in country in-stability is closely related to each other. Political instability Economical instability Cultural instability Legal instability Financial instability Location and neighbourhood 6.1 Political instability Book3)Political stability play an important role in the stability of the country. Due to political stability international business are attracted to invest in the country, despite their location, weather, and natural resources availability. Boo4) politics is define as â€Å"the direction and administration of state† â€Å"government† and â€Å"the control of aggregate social relationship† Bbok5)However, political instability is a great risk for the international business. Usually these are three risks. Ownership risk, in some causes the ownership of the international business is shifted to the host country without any compensation to international business through confiscation or expropriation. Operation risk, international business faces such situation. Due to the security, change of law and government, terrorism, arm conflict, civil war, tax regulation, and so on. Transfer risk, transfer of money from one country to another, in which the government rules are involved, high exchange rate, and tax on transfer of money. J5)Political instability rise due to continuous change in government, and law, nationalism corruption in the government officer. Example is Pakistan where the government change regularly. this create security risk, inflation and high corruption. Terrorism, internal is external war (arm conflict), kidnapping, example Afghanistan, Pakistan Iraq, and Serra. Jouranl2 according to Gupta (1990) he use ten elements to explain the political in-stabilities. â€Å"Number of political demonstrations† â€Å"Number of riots† â€Å" Number of death (assassinations)† â€Å"Armed attack events† â€Å"Political executions† â€Å"Number of death from political violence† â€Å"Occurrence of successful coups dà ©tat† â€Å"Occurrence of un-successful coups dà ©tat† â€Å"Number of strikes† and â€Å"Nature of government† democracy or dictatorship. Bo5)Political fluctuation has bad impact on international business. In such condition international business before inter into new political environment need to get all information. Need to make such analysis. Government of the country in the political party hand (democracy). Or it power in the hands of one person (dictatorship). The countries have free market or the government control it. Is government encouraging the international business to invest in local market to achieve the economic goals? Who are the customers and competitors of the international business private or public sector? Is Policy making of the country is according to law? Is the change of government the economic policies well change or remains same? B4)Political in-stability affect all kind of business even it home or foreign. To make decision about the future investment in foreign country information about the country political condition are collected from the following sources. Personal visit to country get information from local business. Bank, stock market and international credit control agencies. And from local news. Get information from the country embassy. And from locals who have expert knowledge about the country situation. International chamber of commerce is one of the best sources of information. From the minister of the home country. Get export opinion from the local people who are specialist in a particular field. 6.2 Economic instability Book1)Countries are considered stable if they have high national income. Price stability, high capacity of production of products and services, high employment rates with technological innovation and high investment. And the indicator of the economic growth high rate of GDP affects the high standard of living, heath and capital investment. These factors are very important for international business to invest in such economy. Government and economics are interrelated with each other. If government is stable economy is stable by itself.jour6) Political instability affects the GDP growth of country. It is called â€Å"politicalization of economic growth†. Economic growth is not affected by the nature of the government (democracy or dictatorship). But it is affected by it policy either it`s fiscal or monitory. Develop economy have the following features. High education rate, public health care services, and social benefit are available to each and every one in the country. Economy has high defence system. General public and country assets are secure, no arm conflict and terrorism. For example Pakistan has security problem and internal terrorism due which economy is going down. Developed infrastructure mean of communication, transportation, power supply and the availability of banking and financial structure.( journal 7) For example power supply situation is very bad in Pakistan it have regular break down and not even fulfil the local requirement. Plus the transportation in Pakistan is not proper regulated. Country has appropriate industrial and agriculture development. Developed monitory policy, for example country has price stability, equal distribution of money and money exchange rate is remaining stable. For example Pakistan money exchange rate changes regularly. This increases fluctuation in economy. Economy has high government spending and low tax rates. Jouranl8) economy is effected only when exchange rate not remain stable in international market and government have high tax rates and low spending which increases fluctuation in economy. And inflation is increases in the country. And economic situation is considering in-stable. Book 6) to increase trade between countries economic bloc are establish. For example Europe, North America, South America and Asia pacific areas. Countries in economic bloc have high rate of GNP then the non member countries. Book 7)international business have prier information about the economic situation and make such analysis before investing in the country. Population of the country, power of consumption, income level, balance distribution of money, industrialisation and agricultural activities. GNP rate, rate of growth, GNI rate, price stability, rate of inflation, money exchange rate, government taxes and spending. Infrastructure transportation, communication, mean of power supply, banking and availability of financial intuition. Size of economy and economic system centrally planned economy, mixed economy or market economy. Number and size of competing unit. Balance distribution of business or firm have market monopoly. Life style, shopping pattern, urbanisation, heath and social services, housing environment, law and defence and education level. Sources for international business to get information about local economy is World Bank, IMF, Government publish data, and international economic services. 6.3 Cultural instability Book6) culture can be defined in different ways (Meeds) â€Å"Share patterns of behaviours† (Hofstede) â€Å"Collective mental programming â€Å" Culture is different from nation to nation, because of language, religion, ethic, and behaviours. These have direct effect on life style, education, economic, organisation and political structure, law and regulation. Culture separates the world into different nation and state. Most of conflicts within country barber are arise due to culture difference. This divides country into two parts. For example Pakistan and India separate from each other only due to culture difference. Language is different from country to country. In most countries people used more than one language. Which rise issue of culture different in the same nation. For example Pakistan has more than one language. Which rise race issue in same country. And create economic, political, law and order, unequal distribution of wealth crises in the country. Affect the stability of the country. Book2) From the last one decade religious race is rise in the world. Divide the world into two religions Islam and Christianity. And create terrorist and religious extremist. For example Telenor Denmark mobile company operated in Pakistan last lots business and offices across the country during period of 2005 and 2006 due to religious riots and strikes to protest blasphemous cartoon against Islam was publish in one of Denmark news paper. Country with culture extremist is considered unstable. And most of investor shows lack of confidence in investing such countries. Following analysis international business need to done before invested in such countries. How strong Culture County have. Number of Culture conflict in the country. And their effect one local and international business. Business has information of Religious extremism activity in country. And number of religious strikes and riots. Information about local social, labour and market culture. Number of language in country and racism activity in country. and law and order situation of country. 6.4 Legal instability Book india)Law varies from countries to county. Country law is according to their political and economic situation. And design by Government and society. Law deal all aspects of business either it is contract, employment, tax regulation, property protection, company law, competition, health and safety, environment, human right, product liability, trade mark, patents, nationalization, currency exchange, and foreign currency. Court or judicial system exercises such law in country. In most countries court system is weak, and law change regularly with change in government. Corruptions in system, conflict are settling outside courts. Delay in court decision. Judicial system is not free in work under the supervision of the government. For example Pakistan where judicial system is unstable and government supervise court. This created lots of security problems in country. And it have considerable unfavourable situation for foreign investor. J9)In some causes country law put barrier in way of foreign investor. Country law put restriction on transfer of funds. This creates transfer risk for international business. High tax rates on foreign investment. Restrict export and import policy. Analyses of international business before invest in a country. Business has information about common, civil, public and criminal law. And have idea about country law for foreign investment. How local law protect the intellectual property like trademark, patents, registration and copyright. How the court or judicial system work, court system in country is strong or weak, law have their own freedom or it work under the supervision of government. Business has information about law of data protection and personal details. How health and safety, human right regulation work at the place of work. International business can get such information from sources World bank report, human right organisation, UNO, country financial report, news, and country legal report. 6.5 Financial instability J10) Financial instability slows down development process in the countries. Stock market of the country goes down. Trade decreases and done with considerable high prices. Financial institution is in deficit. Taxes and interest rate are increases. Current account of the country goes in deficit. External borrowings are increases. Federal Reserve of the country decreases. Remittances are goes down. Fiscal position of the country becomes weak. Country cut down the social security and other health care benefit of general public. Cash flow in country slow down. Prices go high and selling decreases. Government spending in country goes down. Country exports are decreases. Unemployment increases, crime rate are high, capital loss and bankruptcies are the result of the financial instability. In such condition there are rear recovery solutions.journal11) Financial instability in country rise due to following reasons Un-proper economic policies monetary, fiscal and exchange rate. Poor risk management of financial intuitions. Weakness of the government intuitions. Wrong measurement of the international financial market. J12 In this situation their are many risk for international business to invest in such country. Where exchange rate is not fixing and fluctuated regularly. It is a real risk for investor. Under and over valuation of the money caused loss to investor. For example currency rate of Pakistan is regularly fluctuated although country foreign policies is very relax to attract the foreign investor but due to financial instability international business are reluctant to invest in Pakistan economy. J13)Sovereign is another risk for international investor. When host country is not able to meet loan obligation. Country is run out of foreign exchange due to financial instability. 6.6 Location and neighbourhood (Jour14)Location and neighbourhood play an important role on the stability of the country. Stability in country and good relationship with their neighbourhood are favourable condition for international business. Countries with same culture, value, ethic and believes, establish a economic bloc where neighbour country share free trade, no restriction of immigration, and they enjoy the same currency. And remove all barriers from trade and they enjoy smooth business with each other. For example the European countries they have free trade agreement. And have one common currency. This brings stability in countries and economic progress as well. If business invest in one of country. Business can cover the market of it neighbouring countries as well. For example Nissan and Toyota establish plant in UK and it covers the whole Europe market. Journal15) On other hand countries in area where situation is not stable. It has effect on other countries. For example Chechnya was in state of war due to Chechen war whole reign was in uncertain condition. It war effect economic and political instability in neighbour countries as well. Similarly Pakistan border are near to Afghanistan and India. Pakistan political and domestic relationship with India is not good and both have many dispute. This creates instability in area. On other part of Pakistan have Afghanistan border. Afghanistan is suffering with terrorist activity in the area. Such terrorist activity are now inter inside of Pakistan area. As the distance increases from the investor country it increases in risk of control and communication problem. It cause delay in business operation. Some causes business not gives quick response to economic and political changes in the area. Due distanced of management control from the host country. 7. Table 1 Instability impact by investment types Direct investment short term financial short term loan long term loan Instabilityprivate sectorprivate sectorto governmentto government Economic High Low Low Moderate Political High Low Moderate High Culture High Low Low Low Legal Moderate High High High Financial High High High High Location High Moderate Low Moderate Table show the impact of instability on type of investment. Journal 9 8. List of unstable countries of the world: Venezuela Pakistan Colombia Indonesia Ecuador Nigeria Ivory coast North Korea Journal 16 9. Conclusion and recommendation The process of location of foreign operation in a new country must be carried out carefully. Firm which aim to invest in foreign country need to make analysis of capital development, economic, political, culture, and legal stability not to make analysis on the risk involved in country. Almost of countries have risk in past. the investment of international firm bring changes in the situation. And country becomes economically stable. The country with risk has no competitor in the area. And with inter of international business it make positive impact. Create more employment, which increases consumption power of people. International business have high rate of profit. As the international business making contribution toward the economy of the country the government of host country give international business some relaxation in law and ensure him all kind of security as business need to do their operation. In order to minimise risk in foreign operation international business need to inter into new county as trader (exporter-importer) or most commonly inter as joint venture with same size local company.

Online Shopping Research

The research question â€Å"Does the online shopping affect to purchase decision of shoppers who retain visiting and buying clothes from the store or the market in London area? † 3. 1 evaluate techniques for use with quantitative data in the research proposal The quantitative data is sample and objective. The figure is showing in statistic such as the count of frequencies, rate of percentages or another statistic way of actual absence of behaviour.There are a number of approaches to collect quantitative data such as surveys, questionnaires (close-ended questions), clinical test. The quantitative data mostly is used with large sample. It is no need for the participant to put their name on the questionnaires which is help to gain more data than qualitative data collection method that required the personal detail (will be explain more in 3. 2) . The data analysis will be display in the bar chart, pie chart, graph or histogram.The researcher can be clearly to understand and compar e result in general. From the research question which is about the behaviour of shopper to make a purchase decision on buying cloth. The quantitative collection that would be the most appropriate to implement in this research should be the close-ended questionnaires because the survey and questionnaires can be complete namelessly, thus it allows to get a lots of data from great number of sample from the sample field either or the internet.The close-ended questionnaires are easy to analyse and compare because it can be done in term of rate of percentages or histogram. However, some of the participant might give the dishonestly responses cause of the biased result. This data collection method provide researcher to cover a wide range of the research question but only in the general view it cannot provide in-depth opinion of participant. The cost to process this data collection is inexpensive unless using conducting the survey via the telephone.It may take moderate of time required depe nds on the system that the researcher will conduct for example mail and telephone would be take more time that give the questionnaire papers in sample area. 3. 2 evaluate techniques for use with qualitative data in the research proposal The qualitative data is about â€Å"Why† which is help the researcher to find out more depth information and being clear perspective in the research question. The qualitative collection methods such as the surveys, open-ended questionnaires, interview, focus group etc.Most of this method requires a long period of time and money to support the conducting. According to the research question which is related on the shopper’s behaviour. Therefore the interview would be the ideal method to collect the data because it offer full stories and depth information which is given the flexibility to research for exploring topic in detail and varied perspective. Moreover the interview method gives a chance for interviewer to explain the question that interviewees not understand clearly and get the right information from interviewees.However in reality, The conducting of the interview data collection method is difficult to produce because It is required the highly skilled interviewer and honest who can control the scope of the answers related to the subject, unbias and create the comfortable atmosphere to interviewees, It is also need to prepare the closed area for the interview in term of protecting the interruption for environment. Moreover It is numberless of people to participate the interview because it need to ask the personal detail in case of following or re-collecting the data which is uncommonly to encourages people getting involve.Apart from the difficult of conducting, the interview is time consuming and expensive for this research. Although, it is hard to conduct the interview but there are another way to gain detailed information from participant by using the open-ended questionnaires. It is inexpensive method and t he researcher can conduct it together with the closed-ended questionnaires. From this way it increasing an opportunity to get more in-depth information and research can be provide the critical analysis.It might be difficult to interpret wording or phrases that participant be using and it is often that people not given the answer in the questionnaires which cause of the missing data. As stated by the research question, The possible sample area that can be collect the data would be chosen mainly in Camden lock market and online social website as facebook or alternatively student in the college. The methods that would be using in this research would be closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires in term of to cover the wide objective of topic and get some detail from the questionnaire.This both methods can be gathering data to each other. The researcher can be able to produce the questionnaire in one page and unneeded name, Thus participants would pleasant to do it. As the reason as pre sent before, The mixed questionnaires would be suitable to apply for the crowded market as Camden lock market that mostly of the people busy at shopping because it required less time for participants to complete and it is in expensive to conduct for research even though, it require moderate time. ReferencesRichard Gay,Alan Charlesworth, and Rita Esen, (2007) , â€Å" Online marketing – a customer-led approach† Oxford university press, Great clarendon street ,Oxford Sarah Quinton and Teresa Smallbone (2006) , â€Å"Postgraduate research in business – a critical guide† SAGE publications LTd. Saunders,Lewis and Thornhill (2007), â€Å"Research methods for business students (fourth editon)†, Pearson education limited. â€Å"Overview of Qualitative Methods and AnalyticTechnique† http://www. nsf. gov/pubs/1997/nsf97153/chap_3. htm â€Å" Evaluation method† http://socrates. berkeley. edu/~pbd/pdfs/Evaluation_Methods. pdf

Debating over the Animal Rights Movement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 538 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Drugs Essay Did you like this example? Debating over the animal rights movement has raised questions and concerns for many years. Although animal research has been the cause of many medical breakthroughs, is it morally and ethically right to put animals in these kinds of situations? This is one of the underlying questions that must be solved before it is too late. There has already been too much violence and harm caused by the opposing views of this argument. Shouts of protests and riots are heard on the streets, labs and medical equipment are being burned and destroyed and innocent animals are left hanging in the wake. While animal rights organizations fight for ways to treat animals. Animal research supporter strongly believe that animals unlock the key to curing and ailing diseases. Animal Testing, defined as the use of animals in scientific experiments, are used for medical, drugs and cosmetics researches before they are marketed. The first ever animal testing dates back to 1768 by Joseph Wright, where he h ad placed a bird in an air pump for some scientific experiment. The earliest references to animal testing are found in writings of the Greeks in the second and fourth centuries BCE. Aristotle and Erasistratus were among the first to perform experiments on living animals. In the last few centuries and still going, there have been many debates on whether people should use animals to test new drugs/cosmetics etc. Many people stand against this and had also made a lot of protesting about it; but no actions were taken. There are also some who like the idea of animal testing. Some of the few points they argue on is that animals that are used are better than humans, animal testing is considered to be the best way to try new products and drugs, and to effectively train medical students. Many new drugs for humans such as anaesthetics, antibiotics, antiseptics and vaccines, are the result of testing. Animal testing has helped in discovering cures before or around the time we started tak ing cells from humans to help cure diseases. Whats being used to help find a cure for AIDS then? Not pig cells, because no matter how close an animal is to the human cell structure, a human is a human. With the current technology we have today, we can simply extract cells from humans to be tested on rather than harming an animal to look for a cure that they couldnt care less about. Like humans, animals have the same rights as us. Many people take advantage of these innocent animals because of this one simple reason; they don’t have the ability to speak. It’s true, people do not want to be tested on, but if that’s the case, why should we subject animals to do things we know that are not in our best interest? No rabbits want to suffer and then be killed because of some foolish Draize test. There are a number of things that mankind can do to prevent this cruelty from continuing, it is simply a matter of taking the initiative to inform and involve yourself and others. Every individual effort is a step towards the annihilation of animal cruelty. By: Tina Nhan of Gilmore College for Girls Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Debating over the Animal Rights Movement" essay for you Create order

Punjabi Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1640 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? SHER-A-E PUNJAB, DISTINGUISHED Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjabi people who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include, Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history. Bhangra is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that is increasingly being listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favourite. Punjabi music is being used by western musicians, in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. In addition, Punjabi Classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west. Tandoori chicken is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine. Punjabi Cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to popularity of Punjabi Cuisine throughout the world. Punjabi Poetry is renowned for its extremely deep meaning, beautiful, exciting and hopeful use of words. The poetry is one of the clearest views into the Punjabi mindset. The large number of Punjabi poetry works is being translated throughout the world into many languages. Famous Punjabi poets. Punjabi Dances, due to the long history of the Punjabi culture and of the Punjabi people there is a large number of dances. These dances are normally performed at times of celebration, including harvests, festivals, and weddings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Punjabi Culture" essay for you Create order The particular background of the dances can be non-religious and religious. The overall style can range from the high energy Bhangra mens dance to the more reserved Jhumar, the Gidha womens dance, etc. Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony, among Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest. There are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Some Of Its Artifacts Are As Follows:- Phulkari:- It is an embroidery technique from the Punjab in India and Pakistan literally means flower working, which was at one time used as the word for embroidery, but in time the word â€Å"Phulkari† became restricted to embroidered shawls and head scarfs. Simple and sparsely embroidered odini (head scarves) and shawls, made for everyday use, are called Phulkaris, whereas garments that cover the entire body, made for special and ceremonial occasions, are known as Baghs (garden). Phulkaris and Baghs were worn by women all over Punjab during marriage festivals and other joyous occasions. They were embroidered by the women for their own use and use of other family members and were not for sale in the market. Thus, it was purely a domestic art which not only satisfied their inner urge for creation but brought colour into day to day life. In a way, it was true folk art. Custom had grown to give Phulkaris and Baghs to brides at the time of marriages. Some best Phulkaris and Baghs are known to have been made in Hazara and Chakwal, areas of Northern Punjab in Pakistan. The main characteristics of Phulkari embroidery are use of darn stitch on the wrong side of coarse cotton cloth with coloured silken thread. Punjabi women created innumerable alluring and interesting designs and patterns by their skilful manipulation of the darn stitch. The base khaddar cloth used in Western Punjab is finer from those of Central Punjab. Black/blue is not preferred in Western Punjab, whereas white is not used in East Punjab. In West Punjab, 2 or 3 pieces of cloth are first folded and joined together. In East Punjab, they are joined together first and then embroidered. In Phulkari embroidery ornaments the cloth, whereas in Bagh, it entirely covers the garment so that the base cloth is not visible. The end portion of pallav of Phulkari have separated panels of exquisite workmanship of striking design. Madhani:- Madhani is a matka in which a thick stik is there and a rope is tied around in such a way that when d rope ends are pulled subsequently it can churn whatever is put in the matka, basically the madhani is used to make lassi, butter chach. Fresh milk is put in the matka and churned, the first extract is lassi and when churned more forcefully the butter is made and th e residue left is called chach. Uses:- Lassi is the most famous and favourite drink of Punjabis, basically the lassi is supposed to be had in breakfast. The sancity of Punjabi culture is quite attached to lassi. It is served in all the auspicious occasions of Punjabis. The butter churned out of lassi is white in colour and is not pasteurized and can be used with various foods. Chach is very helpful in the recovery of jaundice patients and can be had at any time of the day. Madhani is a traditional at still used regularly in all village homes of Punjab. Punjabi women are supposed churn the madhani. Dhol:- The dhol is a double-sided barrel drum (straight barrels also exist) played mostly as an accompanying instrument in regional music forms. In Qawwali music, the term dhol is used to describe a similar, but smaller drum used with the smaller tabla, as a replacement for the left hand tabla drum. The typical sizes of the drum vary slightly from region to region. In Punjab, the dhol rema ins large and bulky to produce the preferred loud bass. In other regions, dhols can be found in varying shapes and sizes and made with different woods and materials (fiberglass, Steel, Plastic). The drum consists of a wooden barrel with animal hide or synthetic skin stretched over its open ends, covering them completely. These skins can be stretched or loosened with a tightening mechanism made up of either interwoven ropes, or nuts and bolts. Tightening or loosening the skins subtly alters the pitch of the drum sound. The stretched skin on one of the ends is thicker and produces a deep, low frequency (higher bass) sound and the other thinner one produces a higher frequency sound. Dhols with synthetic, or plastic, treble skins are very common. The dhol has traditionally been a male instrument played generally by men, although more females are now playing. The most famous probably being Rani Taj, hailed as the best and most famous female dhol player in the world. The drum is played us ing two wooden sticks, usually made out of bamboo and cane wood. The most common rhythm played on the dhol is the Chaal, which consists of 8 beats per measure. The stick used to play the bass side of the drum is a bit thicker (roughly about 10 mm in diameter) and is bent in a quarter-circular arc on the end that strikes the drum, the dagga. The other stick is much thinner and flexible and used to play the higher note end of the drum, the thili. The drum is slung over the neck of the player with a strap usually made up of ropes or woven cloth. The surface of the wooden barrel is in some cases decorated with engraved or painted patterns. Dholak:- The drum is either played on the players lap or, while standing, slung from the shoulder or waist. The shell is usually made from sheesham or shisham wood (Dalbergia sissoo). The process of hollowing out the drum (its resultant shape and the surface of the drums interior, whether left rough-hewn by a drum carver or carefully smoothed) determi nes the tone quality of a dholak. The dholaks right-hand head is a simple membrane, while the left-hand head is of a greater diameter and has a special coating, a mixture of tar, clay and sand (dholak masala) which lowers the pitch. The high-pitched drum head may also be played using a thin (1/4/6 mm or less) long (over 14/30 cm) stick of solid rattan or hardwood (rattan is preferred for its flexibility), and the low-pitched drum head is played either by hand or using a somewhat thicker, semi-angled stick, roughly the shape of a small hockey stick. The drum is pitched depending on size, with an interval of perhaps a perfect fourth or perfect fifth between the two heads. It is related to the larger Punjabi dhol and the smaller dholki. Similar drums with similar names are found elsewhere in western Asia. Indian children sing and dance to the beat of the dholak during pre-wedding festivities in many Indian communities. It is often used in Filmi Sangeet Indian film music, in chutney mu sic, baithak gana, and tan singing, the local Indian music of the Caribbean. It was brought by indentured immigrants to Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica. In the Fiji Islands the dholak is widely used for bhajans and kirtans. Chimta:- A chimta literally meaning tongs, is a traditional percussion instrument of South Asia, often used in popular Punjabi Bhangra music. The chimta consists of a long, flat folded piece of metal steel strip, often with 7 pairs of small metal jingles. The rings are plucked in a downward motion to produce tinkling sounds. It is also used for cooking chapati in almost every Indian home. Chimtas with large discs are used at rural festivals while ones with smaller discs are often used as an accompaniment to bhangra dancers and singers of traditional Indian hymns. The Late Alam Lohar is famous for playing this instrument and introducing it globally, today great musicians like Kamal Heer and Arif Lohar plays this instrument.